Quandt Echinodium Jur. Echinophyllum T. Ectropotheciopsis Broth. Ectropothecium Mitt. Elharveya H. Crum Elmeriobryum Broth.
Encalypta Hedw. Entodontella M. Entodontopsis Broth. Eobruchia W. Buck Eoleucodon H. Whittier Eosphagnum A. Shaw Ephemeropsis K. Goebel Ephemerum Schimp. Epipterygium Lindb. Eriodon Mont. Erpodium Brid. Erythrodontium Hampe Erythrophyllopsis Broth. Eucamptodon Mont. Eucamptodontopsis Broth. Eulacophyllum W. Euptychium Schimp. Eurohypnum Ando Eustichia Brid. Exodictyon Cardot Exobryum R.
Zander Exostratum L. Ellis Exsertotheca S. Quandt Fabronia Raddi Fabroniaceae Schimp. Fallaciella H. Crum Fauriella Besch. Fifea H. Crum Filibryum W. Fissidens Hedw. Flabellidium Herzog Flatbergiaceae A. Shaw Hedw. Flatbergium A. Florschuetziella Vitt Flowersia D. Buck Fontinalaceae Schimp. Fontinalis Hedw. Frahmiella Ignatov, Y. Funaria Hedw. Zander Gammiella Broth. Ganguleea R.
Garovaglia Endl. Gertrudiella Broth. Geheebia Schimp. Frey Gigaspermum Lindb. Globulinella Steere Glyphomitrium Brid. Newton Glyphothecium Hampe Gollania Broth. Goniobryum Lindb. Goniomitrium Hook. Groutiella Steere Guerramontesia M. Gymnobarbula J. Gyroweisia Schimp. Hageniella Broth. Handeliobryum Broth. Hebantia G. Helicoblepharum Mitt. Helicophyllum Brid. Helodiaceae Ochyra. Helodium Warnst. Hemiragis Brid. Cardot Herzogiella Broth. Heterophyllium Schimp.
Hilpertia R. Zander Himantocladium Mitt. Holodontium Mitt. Holomitriopsis H. Holomitrium Brid. Homalia Brid. Homalotheciella Cardot Broth. Homalothecium Schimp. Homomallium Schimp. Hookeriopsis Besch. Jaeger Horikawaea Nog. Horridohypnum W.
Jaeger Hydropogon Brid. Hydropogonella Cardot Hydropogonellaceae B. Hylocomiastrum Broth. Hymenostyliella E. Bartram Hymenostylium Brid. Hyophila Brid. Zander Hypnaceae Schimp. Jaeger Hypnodendraceae Broth. Hypnum Hedw. Hypopterygiales Goffinet — Type: Hypopterygium Brid. Hypopterygium Brid. Imbribryum N. Pedersen Indopottia A. Daniels Indusiella Broth. Irelandia W. Isocladiella Dixon Isocladiellopsis B. Norris Isodrepanium Mitt. Britton Isopterygiopsis Z.
Isopterygium Mitt. Isothecium Brid. Itatiella G. Iwatsukiella W. Jonesiobryum B. Buck Kandaea J. Allen Kiaeria I. Boiko Leiodontium Broth. Leiomela Mitt. Leiomitrium Mitt. Lembophyllum Lindb. Lepidopilum Brid. Leptobarbula Schimp.
Wilson Leptocladiella M. Leptocladium Broth. Leptodictyum Schimp. Leptodon D. Mohr Leptodontaceae Schimp. Leptodontiella R. Ramsay Leptostomum R. Lepyrodon Hampe Lepyrodontopsis Broth. Leskea Hedw. Leskeadelphus Herzog Leskeella Limpr. Loeske Leskeodon Broth. Leskeodontopsis Zanten Leucobryaceae Schimp. Leucolepis Lindb. Leucoloma Brid. Leucoperichaetium Magill Leucophanes Brid. Lewinskya F. Quandt Limprichtia Loeske Lindbergia Kindb.
Lindigia Hampe Loeskeobryum Broth. Loeskypnum H. Ludorugbya Hedd. Macgregorella E. Grout Macrodictyum Broth. Macromitrium Brid. Macrothamniella M. Macrothamnium M. Mahua W. Buck Mamillariella Laz. Meiotheciella B.
Ramsay Meiothecium Mitt. Meiotrichum G. Merrilliobryum Broth. Mesochaete Lindb. Mesonodon Hampe Mesotus Mitt. Metadistichophyllum Nog. Metaneckera Steere Meteoriaceae Kindb. Manuel Meteoriella S. Okamura Meteoriopsis Broth. Meteorium Brid. Micralsopsis W. Buck Microbryum Schimp.
Microcalpe Mitt. Microctenidium M. Mironia R. Zander Mitrobryum H. Mittenia Lindb. Mittenothamnium Henn. Mitthyridium H. Miyabea Broth. Mnium Hedw. Molendoa Lindb. Moseniella Broth. Muellerobryum M. Muscoherzogia Ochyra Myrinia Schimp. Myurium Schimp.
Myuroclada Besch. Nanomitriella E. Neckeromnion S. Quandt Neckeropsis Reichardt Nematocladia W. Buck Neobarbella Nog. Neodicladiella W. Buck Neodolichomitra Nog. Neohypnella E. Bartram Neolindbergia M. Lin Neophoenix R. Notothamia R. Warncke Ochiobryum J. Ramsay Ochrobryum Mitt. Menzel Octoblepharum Hedw. Oedicladium Mitt.
Okamuraea Broth. Oligotrichum Lam. Ombronesus N. Newton Oncophorus Brid. Oreas Brid. Orientobryum H. Akiyama Orontobryum M. Tan Orthomnion Wilson Orthorrhynchiaceae S. Osculatia De Not.
Osterwaldiella Broth. Oxyrrhynchium Schimp. Pachylomidium Broth. Allen Pachyneuropsis H. Palisadula Toyama Paludella Brid. Lorentz Papillidiopsis Broth. Tan Paraleucobryum Limpr. Loeske Paranapiacabaea W. Pelekium Mitt. He Pengchengwua S. Penzigiella M. Perssonia Bizot Phantomia S. Buck Phascopsis I. Stone Philonotis Brid. Phyllodrepaniaceae Crosby. Phyllogonium Brid. Physcomitrellopsis Broth. Physcomitrium Brid. Picobryum R.
Pictus C. Pilopogon Brid. Pilotrichidium Besch. Pilotrichopsis Besch. Pilotrichum P. Pinnatella M. Spence Plagiomnium T. Plagiopus Brid. Plagioracelopus G. Plagiotheciopsis Broth. Planicladium S. Quandt Plasteurhynchium Broth. Platydictya Berk. Platyhypnidium M. Platylomella A. Andrews Platyneuron Cardot Broth. Plaubelia Brid. Pleurophascum Lindb. In hot environments like prairies or deserts, one way that mosses tolerate heat is by becoming dormant.
When they're desiccated dried out they can survive heat much better than when they're hydrated. That's a resilient little plant right there. They help to soak up rainfall, maintain moisture in the soil below and keep conditions around them humid.
This enables other plants around them thrive, such as in habitats like marshes and woodland. Mosses also play a vital role in the development of new ecosystems. They're among the first plant colonisers of disturbed sites, such as when an area is deforested or affected by forest fires. They stabilise the soil surface and retain water, helping new plants to grow. Mosses can impact the temperature of the soil, both warming it up and cooling it down depending on the environment.
In hot places, they can protect tree roots by shading and insulating the soil from high temperatures. In the Arctic they have an opposite effect on temperature.
They can prevent the warmth of the sun from reaching the ground and reduce the speed at which ice thaws, keeping it cooler for longer. Some of their gametophytes branches are spreading, some are pendent. The elongated part of their sporophytes seta is only rudimentary, its function as a stalk is taken over by a gametophyte-derived pseudopodium.
Their spores stem from the outer tissue amphithecium of the young sporogone. The central, sterile tissue in the sporogenous region of their capsules columella has the shape of a hemisphere. Their mature sporogons open by dehiscent, round lids stegocarpously. The page will end with a summary of and some comments about all the classes that constitute the phylum Bryophyta. Goniomitrium acuminatum.
Given the large size of this class it's not surprising that there is considerable variety in both the gametophytes and sporophytes of its members.
The gametophytes of Goniomitrium acuminatum Pottiaceae, Pottiales right grow to only a few millimetres in height and the short-stalked, spherical spore capsules are only millimetres in diameter.
The accompanying photo is dominated by immature sporophytes. By contrast the species of Papillaria Meteoriaceae, Hypnales may grow as curtains to well over a metre in length. The gametophytes of mosses in the family Pottiaceae are typically short-stemmed, tufty plants, often growing gregariously and in harsh, exposed habitats.
Examples, other than Goniomitrium , are Tortula princeps and Trichostomum brachydontium. That's not to say that all short-stemmed, tufty mosses of harsh habitats are members of the Pottiaceae. Gigaspermum repens Gigaspermaceae, Funariales is a good counter-example.
It's also not the case that all members of the Pottiaceae have short, tufty gametophytes. The stems of Triquetrella papillata can grow to several centimetres in length and branch so that the gametophytes grow as mats on the ground. However, long stems in mat-like growth are far more characteristic of the orders Hookeriales and, especially, the Hypnales.
The latter is a large order with several thousand species. The order's name is derived from the genus Hypnum in the family Hypnaceae and here is a small but dense mat of Hypnum cupressiforme.
This photo shows a loose mat of Brachythecium salebrosum Brachytheciaceae, Hypnales growing in a lush lawn at Old Parliament House in Canberra and here is a well-developed mat of Thuidium cymbifolium Thuidiaceae, Hypnales growing on a roadside embankment on Norfolk Island. From the example of Papillaria you've already seen that, rather then being confined to mat-like growth, members of the Hypnales can also grow as curtains.
Most members of the Bryopsida have spore capsules with peristome teeth. In Gemmabryum dichotomum the teeth are well-developed but in Tayloria gunnii they are rather small. By contrast the spore capsule of Physcomitrium pyriforme Funariaceae, Funariales lacks peristome teeth.
The classification uses the nature or absence of the peristome teeth to help define the moss orders. One of the Gemmabryum dichotomum spore capsules is still in the process of shedding its operculum , the cap that covers the capsule mouth in developing spore capsules. You can see the annulus , a connecting ring of tissue between the operculum and the capsule, in the process of being shed.
The classification explicitly uses the presence of a well-differentiated annulus to help define some moss orders. As noted above the gametophytes of the members of the Polytrichales are generally quite robust.
Polytrichaceae is the only family in this order. The gametophyte stems may be anything from just a few centimetres in height to over 60 centimetres in some species.
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